Frequency and types of partially edentulous maxillary arches among the patients reporting at rakcods clinics

For the enhanced quality of life among the individuals or patients, oral hygiene is the most momentous approach. The general health status of the patients gets affected, if the oral health status is compromised, particularly in condition of tooth loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the types and frequency of partial tooth loss [Partially Edentulous] of the maxillary arches in the patients who reported at RAKCODS clinics. The study applied cross section approaches for gathering data and by using random approaches, total 450 patient's files were selected from the record. A proforma was used in order to collect data of the participants. Out of 450, 110 females and 340 males' files were used for this purpose. Results revealed that the tooth loss was most prevalent in the age group of 21-30 years. A considerable number of patients had gone through partially tooth loss and no modification was observed. The maxillary loss was not much common in comparison with the mandible loss. According to this study the occurrence of maxillary partially edentulous arches was higher among the age group of 21-31 years. This study was clinically relevant as it adds information that Kennedy's class 3 is the most common in the patients reported at the RAKCODS clinics, and mandibular tooth loss is more common than maxillary tooth loss

Frequency of C-shaped canals in mandibular permanent second molar among Hyderabad population

The objectives of this study were to assess the frequency and configuration of C-shapedcanal in mandibular second molar teeth. Descriptive type of study. This study was performed at the Dental OPD, Department of Operative Dentistry, Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad / Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro from June 2010 to December 2010. A total of 100 extracted mandibular second molars were collected. The teeth were stored in 0.9% physiological solution [Otsuka Pakistan Ltd:] after extraction. Calculus and the remainder of periodontal tissue were thoroughly removed by a curette. All the samples were then rinsed with tap water and dried with air. Each tooth was opened to gain access of the pulp chamber by a small round bur [Mani, Japan]. The pulp chamber was injected with the 0.5% methylene blue [BDH Gurrcertistan chemical Ltd: Poole England]. The contrast color penetrated through pulp-down to the pulp orifice of the root canal. All the teeth were resected transversally at the cemento-enamel junction by a thin diamond disc [Mani, Japan] and the crowns were discarded. The canal orifices were located by DG-16 endodontic explorer. The same diamond disc were used for cutting roots transversally into two more sections at middle 3[rd] and 2mm above the root apex. All these three section were studied under operating microscope [66 vision tech: Co. Ltd: Sozhou, China] for anatomical properties mentioned in objectives. Thirteen C-shaped canals were found out of 100 mandibular second molars. 03 were of category I and II respectively and 07 were of category III. The present study demonstrated that mandibular second molar teeth have variations in terms of number of roots, number of canal orifices and canal morphology. Therefore it cannot be assumed that these teeth always have two-roots and three canals. The overall prevalence of C-shaped canal was found 13% in the local population. The difference to other studies may be attributable to racial differences and study model

Frequency of second canal in mandibular lateral incisors [in-vitro]

Objective of the study was to determine the frequency of second canal in extracted mandibular lateral incisors. It was observational study and was conducted in the Dental Outpatient's Department of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Hospital, Hyderabad / Jamshoro from 1st January 2010 to 31th March 2010. This study included 100 extracted permanent mandibular lateral incisors. These extracted teeth were stored in 10% formalin until access preparation was made. Pulp chamber was accessed using round bur and then irrigated with sodium hypochlorite till it is clearly visible. Then DG16 endodontic explorer was used for the location and negotiation of second canal after location of main canal. Teeth in which second canal was located, No. 10 K-files were inserted into main canal and second canal. Then two periapical radiographs from the buccolingual and proximal sides were taken for confirmation. Results were then recorded in proforma. Single canal was found in 61% of permanent mandibular lateral incisors. 39% of permanent mandibular lateral incisors had second canal. The frequency of second canal in the present study was 39% of permanent mandibular lateral incisors

Rate of apical extrusion of sodium hypochlorite: open ended versus closed ended needles

The objective was to compare the role of needles design [open ended versus closed ended] on the apical extrusion of sodium hypochlorite irrigant during root canal treatment. This was an in vitro study performed at the Department of Operative Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro from March 2011 to October 2011. Access cavities were prepared in one hundred extracted human maxillary first molars. The mesiobuccal canal was left open whereas the remaining canals were sealed. The acrylic receptacles were used to hold the teeth in a position as they are present in maxillary arch naturally. The starch/KI solution [A reagent that changes into blue color when comes in contact with sodium hypochlorite] was used to fill the receptacles. The teeth were divided into two groups [G1 and G2] each contained 50 specimens respectively. G1: Irrigation of the mesiobuccal canals with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite with open ended beveled needle. G2: Irrigation of the mesiobuccal canals with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite with closed ended side vented needle. Patency file was #10 K in both the groups. The change in any color of starch/KI solution was captured with digital photographs. Results showed overall frequency of apical extrusion of sodium hypochlorite is 43% [43/100]. There was higher extrusion incidence with open ended beveled needle which was 62% [31/50] than with closed ended side vented needle which showed 24% [12/50]. It was concluded that rate of extrusion was significantly high with open ended beveled needle than with closed ended side vented needle. A closed ended side vented needles appeared significantly safer than open ended beveled needles

Frequency of three canals in permanent maxillary second premolars [in vitro]

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of three canals in extracted permanent maxillary second premolars. This was an in vitro study conducted at the Dental Outpatient's Department of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Hospital, Hyderabad/Jamshoro from January 2007 to June 2007. This study included one hundred and fifty extracted permanent maxillary second premolars. Pulp chambers were accessed using round bur in a high speed hand piece. The pulp chambers were irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 12 hours to dissolve pulp tissues, then rinsed under running tap water for 2 hours and dried overnight. The dye was introduced coronally and flooded throughout the pulp space by vacuum suction apically. Teeth were then decalcified in 5% nitric acid solution for five days. Eventually teeth were made clear by dipping in methyl salicylate and examined under operating microscope under 7.5 x magnification for frequency of the three canals. Results showed that three canals were found in 2% of the permanent maxillary second premolars. Chi-square test was used to evaluate the results. It was concluded that an accurate clinical as well as radiographic diagnosis based on knowledge of root canal morphology and critical interpretation of radiographs is essential for achieving better outcome of endodontic treatment of the permanent maxillary second premolars

Validity of different methods for MB-2 canal location in permanent maxillary molars

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of naked eye examination and Dental-operating microscope [DOM] examination for the location of second mesiobuccal canal [MB-2] in extracted maxillary first and second molars, considering the sectioning of the tooth as gold standard for the location of MB-2. This was a cross-sectional comparative study. One hundred extracted permanent maxillary first and second molars [50 of each] were stored in 10% neutral formalin. Using high speed headpiece standard endodontic access cavities were prepared. Initially, the mesiobuccal, distobuccal and palatal canals were located. Subsequently, the location of MB-2 canal was attempted by examining the pulp chamber floor with naked eye using only an endodontic explorer and canal confirmed with 10# K-file. MB-2 canal orifice was either located or not located with this method. Teeth in which MB-2 canal was not located were further explored under DOM. Yet again MB-2 canal orifice was either located or not located. Finally the mesiobuccal roots of each tooth were sectioned. The sections were explored with endodontic explorer and 10# K file with the adjunctive use of DOM at a magnification of 12x to decide the real presence of MB-2 canal. 42% and 60% of MB-2 canals in maxillary first molar, 20% and 38% of MB-2 canals in maxillary second molar were detected with naked eye and with DOM examination respectively. While 66% and 42% of MB-2 canals were actually present in maxillary first and second molar respectively as confirmed by gold standard [sectioning of teeth]. It is concluded that DOM examination may be more effective for location of the MB-2 canal than naked eye examination

Selecting the appropriate electrode placement site for pulp tester on first premolar teeth

To find out the appropriate electrode placement site for electric pulp tester on first premolar teeth of both arches. This was an experimental study performed at Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro from October 2010 to March 2011. Forty volunteers with first premolar teeth free of restorations and caries were recruited. First premolar from each quadrant was selected, and rubber dam was applied without clamps. Three sites on each crown were tested twice with an electric pulp tester, and lowest threshold responses were recorded. Data were analyzed with ANOVA variable test. The lowest response for both [maxillary and mandibular] teeth was found on the tip of buccal cusp. Other sites showed an increase in level from the tip of buccal cusp, middle 1/3 of buccal surface and cervical 1/3 of buccal surface. No statistically significant difference was found in the responses of male and female subjects. It was concluded that the appropriate electrode placement site for pulp tester on first premolar teeth is the tip of buccal cusp

Selecting the appropriate electrode placement-site for electrical pulp testing of molar teeth

The objective of the present experimental study was to report an appropriate electrode placement site on first molar teeth. Fifty volunteers with sound mandibular and maxillary first molar teeth [without any lesion or restoration] were selected from the Dental OPD of Dept of Operative Dentistry LUMHS Jamshoro from July 2008 to June 2009. Seven sites on each tooth were tested two times. The Elements Diagnostic Unit EPT was used to record the lowest threshold response of each site. Data was analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and the tukey test. The central fossa/pit of both maxillary and mandibular first molar teeth was found to be an appropriate site for EPT testing. Whereas, the tip of mesiobuccal cusp was the second site where lowest thresh hold was found to elicit pulpal response. No significant difference was observed between male and female subjects and between mandibular and maxillary molars. The experiment showed that the central pit might be an optimum site for placement of EPT probe tip

Frequency of interappointment pain observed with sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen perioxide based root canal irrigants

To compare the frequency of interappointment pain between 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite and 3% Hydrogen Peroxide as a root canal irrigationmaterial. Clinical trial. Study was conducted at Dental OPD, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan from February 2009 to July 2009. Sixty single-rooted, single-canal permanent teeth of sixty patients were selected randomly and equally divided in two groups. In group A[n=30], 2.5%Sodiumhypochlorite [NaOCl]was used as an irrigation material while in group B [n=30], 3% Hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] was used. Canals were left empty for 72 hrs between visits. On second visit, interappointment pain was scored on Visual Analogue Scale [VAS] [0= No pain,1- 3=mild, 4-6=moderate, 7-10= severe] by each patient on the proforma provided.: Interappointment pain was observed in 32/60 patients and the rest did not experience any pain. Pain was significantly high in group B than A[70% vs. 36.7%; p=0.01]. Severity of pain was also compared which was significantly high in group B than group A [p<0.012]. Female experience more pain as compared to male. While correlation of age with pain was not found [p>0.05]. NaOCl performed better clinically in terms of interappointment pain when comparedwithH2O2

study of flare-ups following single-visit root canal treatment in endodontic patients

To determine the frequency of flare-ups in single-visit endodontic treatment and the associated factors. Observational. Baqai Dental College Hospital, Karachi, from November 2005 to May 2006. One hundred patients were assigned for single-visit root canal treatment. Patients that defaulted after the first appointment [incomplete treatment] were excluded from the study. For each tooth treated, the clinical factors and conditions existing before and after the completion of treatment were recorded. This data included patient's age, gender, type of tooth, pre-operative status of pulp and periapical tissues and recording pain and swelling [flare-ups] post-operatively after 1 day, 7 days and 1 month. The significance of results was obtained by applying paired-sample t-test and Pearson X[2] test. Three of one hundred cases showed flare-ups after treated in single appointment. On the other hand, a marked number [n=97] of cases did not show flare-ups during the study period. None of the studied variables showed any statistically significant bearing on rate of flare-ups in single appointment root canal treatment. The single-visit root canal treatment was safe in terms of endodontic flare-ups as far as results of this study are concerned. It was safer in both vital and non-vital teeth, and even in teeth with periapical pathosis

Dental caries experience in patients attending Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ebad institute of oral health sciences, dubs, Karachi

The objective of the present study was to determine the caries experience in the patients attending a public sector hospital. A total 4000 patients were screened at Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ibad institute of Oral Health Sciences Karachi. Out of total 3620 patients were selected for the study. A prescribed perform of out door department was used to collect the information regarding the Biodata and DMFT [decayed, missing and filled teeth] score of an individual. From 3620 patients 1911 were males and 1709 were female. The DMFT index of total subjects examined was 3.92 SD+278. Whereas, female have OMET score 3.94 SD +/- 2.77 compared to male DMFT score 3.89 SD+2.78.Significantly higher [p-value <.05] DMFT score was recorded in older age groups compared to younger age groups. There was a considerable high level of caries rate found in patients attending the public sector dental hospital